Rodney berg, of louisiana state universitys microbiology and immunology department, wrote about. Development of obesity correlates with a shift in the abundance of the 2 dominating divisions, the bacteroidetes and the firmicutes. As for the bacterial groups in play, comparing the gut microbiota of obese and lean people revealed higher firmicutes and. The relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and energy homeostasis was further investigated in models of dietinduced obesity 4,5, e. You will find a selection of discussions about articles from scientific literature as well as other content including interviews with experts, event reports, and special publications. The gut microbiota seems to play a role in the development and progression of obesity. Meanwhile, a large amount of recent research has convincingly demonstrated that the stability and diversification of gut microbia is essential for the. Izzo 9 and ra aele capasso 11, 1 department of health sciences, university magna graecia, campus salvatore venuta. Gut microbiota can influence energy extraction from food, lipid metabolism, immune response and endocrine functions and its profile has shown to differs between obese. Scientific interest in the potential causative role of the gut microbiota in obesity was attracted by the demonstration that a distinctive gut microbiota composition prevails in obese individuals, with adjustments following weight gain or weight loss 16. Consumption of prebiotics, which are nondigestible food ingredients utilized by gut microorganisms and. Studies in mice have associated the phylum firmicutes with obesity and the phylum bacteroidetes with weight loss. While several studies have reported gut microbiota composition differences associated with.
Boulange1, ana luisa neves2, julien chilloux2, jeremy k. Gut microbiota and obesity 2278 diabetes care, volume 33, number 10, october 2010 care. The contribution of the gut microbiota to the development. Oct 12, 2015 the influence of the gut microbiota in human health and disease has been revealed in the recent years. There is there is evidence for the association between gut bacteria and obesity both in infancy and in adults. In local tissues, obesity associated gut microbiota have an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet, stimulate gene. Genetic and dietinduced obesity are associated with alterations of i the composition and ii the functional properties of the gut microbiota. Gut microbiome in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and. Obesity is a worldwide epidemiologic syndrome characterized by fat mass accumulation, mainly visceral fat.
Early life antibiotic exposure linked to increased risk of. These findings raise the possibility that the gut microbiota has an important role in regulating weight and may be partly responsible for the development of obesity in. The obesity epidemic is globally considered as one of the topmost health concern whose multifactorial etiology. Pdf the distal gut harbours microbial communities that outnumber our own eukaryotic cells. Therefore, we examined the gut microbial composition and mechanisms of interaction with the host in relation to homoeostatic energy metabolism and. Although the human microbiome has fantastic potential, it has. Role of the gut microbiota in defining human health. Although several molecular pathways have widened the view on the causative association between gut microbiota alterations and obesity development, this linkage remains very complex. Most studies of overweight and obese people show a dysbiosis characterised by a lower diversity.
Current thinking considers a potential role of gut microbiota on the development of obesity and its related comorbidities. Animal studies as well as proof of concept studies using fecal transplantation demonstrate the pivotal role of the gut. Bamboo shoot fiber prevents obesity in mice by modulating. Hypercaloric diets are tightly related to the obesity etiology and also cause alterations in gut microbiota functionality. Animals models of obesity connect an altered microbiota composition to the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes in the host through several mechanisms. The human body contains staggering numbers of microbes, including thousands of bacterial species, in addition to many eukaryotes, achaea, protists, and viruses, which collectively contain an estimated 5 million genes that have profound metabolic and immunomodulatory effects upon the mammalian host 8. Gut dysbiosis was identified in overweight and moderate obesity,4 5 as evidenced by substantial. Human gut microbiota associated with obesity in chinese. The number of bacterial cells in an adult human body is ten times more than the cells constituting the human body.
May 03, 2018 impact of gut microbiota on local and distant organs contributes to obesity development and progression. Research about obesity and the gut microbiota has been dominated by studies focused on nhws e. We evaluated the 16s rrna gene, the enterotypes, and quantity of the gut microbiota among obese children and the control cohort and learned the differences of the gut microbiota. Obese patients have a lesser diversity and richness in the bacterial component of gut microbiota than eutrophic subjects 25, 26, 27. Diet and antibiotics are known to play crucial roles in changes in the microbiota ecosystem and the disruption of its balance.
Maternal gut microbiota in pregnancy influences offspring. Prebiotics reduce body fat and alter intestinal microbiota. The proposed mechanisms by which the microbiome may contribute to the development of obesity include. Potential therapies to alter the gut microbiota to treat obesity include dietary changes, supplementation of the diet with probiotic organisms and prebiotic compounds that influence bacterial growth, and the use of faecal microbiota transplant, in which gut microbiota from healthy individuals are introduced into the gut. Obesity, inflammation, and the gut microbiota the lancet. Mass reproduce only with permission from mayo clinic proceedings. Insights into the role of gut microbiota in obesity. Prebiotics reduce body fat and alter intestinal microbiota in. The gut microbiota of children with obesity and normal.
It is widely accepted that the healthy gut microbiotais essential for host homeostasis and immunostasis, harboring an enormous number and variety of microorganisms and genes tailored by hundreds of exogenous and intrinsic host factors. Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease claire l. Jeffrey gordon at the washington university school of medicine showed that obese and lean human twins have clear differences in their gut. However, the precise molecular mechanisms through which obesity promotes hcc development are still unclear. Animals models of obesity connect an altered microbiota composition to the development of obesity, insulin resis. Gut microbiota and obesity british society for immunology. Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity. Nicholson1,2 and marcemmanuel dumas2 abstract the human gut harbors more than 100 trillion microbial cells, which have an essential role in human metabolic. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may lead to a number of diseases, including gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, allergy and central nervous systemrelated diseases. Pdf on oct 1, 2019, haewon kim and others published the role of the gut microbiota in obesity find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Pediatric obesity remains a public health burden and continues to increase in prevalence. Selecting hostadapted gut microbiota various components influence the microbial ecology of the gut figure 1. Pdf gut microbiota and the development of obesity edi val. To investigate the gut microbiota differences of obese children compared with the control healthy cohort to result in further understanding of the mechanism of obesity development.
Nowadays, obesity is one of the most prevalent human health problems. Here, we show that the hepatic translocation of obesity induced lipoteichoic acid. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota may influence liver diseases by transferring its metabolites and components. Linking gut microbiota and inflammation to obesity and. Gut microbiota is a group of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. A role for probiotics ludovico abenavoli 1, emidio scarpellini 2, carmela colica 3, luigi boccuto 4,5, bahare salehi 6, javad shari. Each individual has a unique gut microbiota composition, but gut microbiota mainly belongs to four phyla, firmicutes, bacteroidetes, actinobacteria and proteobacteria. Therefore, the gut microbiome has been suggested as a driving force in the pathogenesis of obesity. In individuals with obesity, changes in the composition of the gut microbiota occur not only at the level of phyla but also at the level of genera or species. Signals from gut microbiota to local tissue signals from gut microbiota to distant organs glp1 pyy cck figure 1.
Gut microbiota is the most complex ecosystem in nature since it harbors large bacterial populations in the intestine and colon, with around 10111012 microorganismsgram of the intestinal content and mostly are anaerobes 95% of the total organisms 12. Gut microbiota, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics in management of obesity and prediabetes. Molecular mechanisms in t1d to explain the pathways and the impact of t1d. Nutrients free fulltext gut microbiota and obesity. Studies in germfree mice revealed that the gut microbiota enhances adiposity mainly by increased energy extraction from food and by regulating fat storage 16, 39, and germfree mice are protected from obesity and metabolic syndrome 16, 17, 40. Its role in diabetes and obesity nutrients 2015, 7, 91719184 nutrients 2015, 7, pagepage 7 5. The gut microbiota is considered as one of the relevant contributors involved in the complex causes of obesity and related metabolic disorders. The gut microbiota has been linked with chronic diseases such as obesity in humans. Obesity and its comorbidities are currently considered an epidemic, and the involved pathophysiology is well studied. Dietary fiber has been shown to prevent highfat diet induced obesity through modulating the gut microbiota.
Mouse models are far from perfect for deciphering the relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and human obesity, and although alteration of the gut microbiota using antibiotics has been shown to markedly influence obesity and insulin resistance in mice 22, 23, it resulted in limited effects in humans. Research from the last 30 years has clarified the role of the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, unhealthy lifestyle, and genetic variability in the development of. We evaluated the 16s rrna gene, the enterotypes, and quantity of the gut microbiota among obese children and the control cohort and learned the differences of the gut microbiota during the. It is sensitive to dietary changes and able to alter composition within hours in both animals and humans 25. The gut microbiota impact on host functions through several mechanisms, suggesting that they might involve in the onset of obesity. Research from the last 30 years has clarified the role of the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, unhealthy lifestyle, and genetic variability in the development of obesity. Mice that are colonized with a specific known bacteria are termed gnotobiotic or known life and can help us understand the role of specific bacteria in inflammation and disease course 24. Lactose digestion lipid metabolism oxalate metabolism composition and metabolic markers of the gut microbiota xenobiotics, phytochemicals indigestible dietary components metabolic activity of gastrointestinal mucosa and liver ibd and ibs inflammatory bowel diseases. Specifically, conventionalization the restoration of conventional intestinal flora of germfree. The connection between gut microbiota and energy homeostasis and in. The western diet increased the relative abundance of. Review open access impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease claire l. Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota diabetes care. The experiment remodeled gut microbiome in the fxrnull and wildtype mice demonstrated that the microbiota promotes dietinduced obesity through fxr signaling.
Jun, 2018 gut microbiota dysbiosis probably promotes diet induced obesity and metabolic complications by a variety of mechanisms including immune dysregulation, altered energy regulation, altered gut hormone regulation, and proinflammatory mechanisms such as lipopolysaccharide endotoxins crossing the gut barrier and entering the portal circulation29 30. Also it will be briefly presented some measures to combat obesity, including those that. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are major public health. On a global scale, projection estimations have predicted that the obesity epidemic rose from 400 million obese adults in 2005 to 700 million in 2015, a trend that is set to continue towards 2030. Gut microbiome in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Additionally, changes in the gut microbiota composition and permeability that have been highly documented in obesity 678 9, were also found to play a role in obesity related inflammation. Obesity increases the risk of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinomas hcc. More recently, the composition and metabolic functions of gut microbiota have been proposed as being able to affect obesity development. Obesity is a major public health issue as it is causally related to several chronic disorders, including type2 diabetes, cvd and cancer.
Request pdf gut microbiota, obesity and diabetes the central role of the intestinal microbiota in the progression and, equally, prevention of metabolic dysfunction is becoming abundantly. Role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity and. Immune system the immune system also seems to be important in the selection of the gut microbiota. The debate on the significance of the correlation between gut microbiota imbalance and obesity is one of the hottest topics in medicine.
Evidence, mostly from studies of rodents, suggests that the gut microbiota may play a role in the development of obesity. Gut microbiota can influence energy extraction from food, lipid metabolism, immune response and endocrine functions and its profile has shown to differs between obese and lean subjects. Jci gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. Oct 18, 2018 obesity and diabetes are worldwide epidemics. However, the demonstration of causality between constituents of the microbiota and specific diseases remains an important challenge in the field.
Particularly, the use of germfree animals and microbiota transplant showed that the gut microbiota may play a causal role in the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, and. The gut microbiota plays a causal role in obesity and is a promising therapeutic target. Gut microbiota phenotypes of obesity npj biofilms and. Starting with the observation that offspring of germfree mice tended to become obese on highfat diets, kimura et al. Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and.
Shortchain fatty acid production by gut microbiota from. Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Effects from dietinduced gut microbiota dysbiosis and. Gut microbiota and obesity experimental models have revealed several mechanisms connecting the gut microbiota to obesity and metabolic disorders. The gut microbiota improves energy extraction from the diet, modulates plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide lps, which may begin a chronic lowgrade in. Nov 07, 2019 the debate on the significance of the correlation between gut microbiota imbalance and obesity is one of the hottest topics in medicine. The colonic microbiome is the most diverse and also the best characterized microbial community. The composition of the gut microbiota has received attention as an etiological factor in the development of obesity. Gut microbiota promotes obesityassociated liver cancer.
The gastrointestinal tract with its microbiota is a complex, open, and integrated ecosystem with a high environmental exposure. Novel research shows that the gut microbiota is involved in obesity and metabolic disorders, revealing that obese animal and human subjects have alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota compared to their lean counterparts. Additionally, obesity is associated with low gut microbiota diversity, and it may alter the composition of certain bacteria in humans and animal models 9. Imbalances in the gut microbiota, the bacteria that inhabit the intestines, are central to the pathogenesis of obesity. The global obesity epidemic has necessitated the search for better intervention strategies including the exploitation of the health benefits of some gut microbiota and their metabolic products. Among the established human gut microbiota which are mostly grampositive and anaerobic. The correlation between host, microbiota, and diet is very complicated, but the procedures involved are well connected. Obesity and metabolic diseases tend to go together, and humans who become obese are also prone to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular problems. The obese microbiota transfer resulted in mice with a greater increase in total body fat and clearly identified the gut microbiota as a contributing factor in the obesity story. In the 1990s, the application of cultureindependent molecular techniques based on 16s ribosomal rna rrna genes e. In local tissues, obesity associated gut microbiota have an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet, stimulate gene reprogramming in the colon, change polypeptide hormones and other bioactive molecules released by ec cells, decrease the intestinal barrier, and disturb immune. Specifically, the microbial production of shortchain fatty acids scfa from the fermentation of otherwise indigestible dietary carbohydrates may protect against pediatric obesity and metabolic syndrome. There is also a growing body of evidence relating the gut microbiome composition to insulin resistance. The gut microbiota used to be called the microflora of the gut.
A mouse model has shown that methanobrevibacter smithii, the predominant archaeon in the human gut, enhanced shortchain fatty acid scfa production by fermentative bacteria by removing h 2 and formate 3. Pdf gut microbiota and the development of obesity edi. Gut microbiota, obesity and diabetes postgraduate medical. Impact of gut microbiota on local and distant organs contributes to obesity development and progression. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health the bmj. Pdf obesity is a worldwide epidemiologic syndrome characterized by fat mass accumulation, mainly visceral fat. Gut microbiota and obesity clinical nutrition experimental.
Particularly, the use of germfree animals and microbiota transplant showed that the gut microbiota may play a causal role in the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, and lead to identification of several mechanisms. Obesity is a disease with a complex etiology and variable prevalence across different populations. The connection between gut microbiota and energy homeostasis and inflammation and its role in the pathogenesis of obesity related disorders are increasingly recognized. Proposed mechanisms linking the microbiota to fat content and weight include. Diet and obesity diet shapes the gut microbiota before addressing the involvement of the gut microbiota towards shaping obesity and associated metabolic disorders, it is appropriate to. Profiles of gut microbiota in children with obesity from. The changes in gut microbiota associated with obesity are summarised in table.
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